- Argument
It is a set of meaningful sentences that can be true or false. This a good way of finding something to talk about in an essay. You can either agree or disagree and whatever side you are on, it’s good to state the reasons why you are on that side.
- Arrangement
It is a canon of rhetoric that describes the other in which we want to say what we have decided to say. That is, what we want to say first to give the reader the foundation to understand our message and how we handle the rest of the story to maintain the same understanding.
- Audience
It is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature (in which they are called the “reader”), theatre, music or academics in any medium. The audience of our writing are the readers such as the lecturer.
- Canons of rhetoric
The canons of rhetoric help us understand the ways we can craft our writing and speech. there are five canons which are closely interrelated.
- Citation
It is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). It is embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears
- Conversation
It is communication between two or more people. It is a social skill that is not difficult for most individuals. Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from each other. For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. A successful conversation includes mutually interesting connections between the speakers or things that the speakers know.
- Delivery
It is part of the canon of rhetoric that refers to how we present the message in our writing. It composed of the our tone, pitch, volume, gesture and expressions that we used to convey the message to an audience.
- Dialogue
It is a conversation between two or more persons. This can be the conversation between characters in a novel, drama, etc. It is an exchange of ideas or opinions on a particular issue, esp. a political or religious issue, with a view to reaching an amicable agreement or settlement or just a literary work in the form of a conversation
- Diction
The kinds of words writers choose, their diction depend upon their educational and linguistic background and upon the audience and purpose of their essay.
- Discourse community
It is all forms of communication that contribute to a particular, institutionalized way of thinking to a group of people. Each discourse community has its own unwritten rules about what can be said and how it can be said.
11.Drafts
These are the short essays that are reviewed by peers before a writer produces a final component of a bigger essay
- Ethos
It is one of the four artistic proofs or modes of persuasion in Rhetoric, as a component of argument. At first speakers must establish ethos. On the one hand, this can mean merely “moral competence”, but this can encompass expertise and knowledge. Ethos is only achieved by what the speaker says, not by what people think of his character before he begins to speak
- Hit-and-run quoter
This is when you lift something from a source and virtually paste it in the middle of your work without introducing or explaining what the quotation is and why it fits what you are talking about.
- I Say
These are the ideas of the writer. It is what you say in the writing process and those ideas are not for anyone else. That’s what you think about the topic as an individual. It brings the difference between what others say about the topic and your personal opinions about the topic. These are not cited works of another writer.
- Informative writing
This idea in writing is when your writing is about providing knowledge to the reader or trying to explain a complex issue so that the reader can easily assimilate the main context of the issue at hand.
- Invention
It is the canon of rhetoric that simply means what we are deciding to say. That is the topic that and how to approach it. It is the first step in achieving a successful writing.
- logos
It is a component of rhetoric that defines the logic: rational, empirical conclusions we draw from the facts we hear or read. Logos depends on the perceived ethos of a given situation.
- Memory
It is that part of the canon of rhetoric that has to do with creating a memory or method of memorizing a speech. It has to do with how to express ourselves so that the reader can remember what we said.
- Message
It is part of the rhetoric square. it is what we are actually trying to say. Tthe message becomes the primary focus of our efforts: what exactly do I want to say? what do I think about this subject? if I’m not sure of what I want to say or what I think, why is that the case? what would help me be more certain of my reaction to this subject? how or in what way does this subject affect others? what should or should not others do?
- metacomentary
This a method of trying to explain what you have already said, just after saying it. It makes the reader more clearer and not to misunderstand your statement.
21.Pathos
Pathos is another component of rhetoric and it is often associated with emotional appeal. But a better equivalent might be appeal to the audience’s sympathies and imagination. An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer’s point of view – to feel what the writer feels. Pathos thus refers to both the emotional and the imaginative impact of the message on an audience, the power with which the writer’s message moves the audience to decision or action.
- Persuasive writing
It is a format of writing in which the author tries to convince the reader to agree to what he is saying.
- Purpose
It is another component of the rhetoric square. Every author has a purpose for writing–even if that purpose is to simply fulfill a writing assignment. A rhetorical purpose seeks to do a bit more; it seeks to persuade an audience, seeks to manipulate the way that audience thinks about the given subject.
- Recursive writing
This is a process of revisiting what you have already written, and build on it to construct a new piece which is better. The recursive process helps make points clearer in our new writing as we try to explain any ambiguity in our previous work.
- Reflections
It is the process of thinking, ruminating and considering what we have written. It helps us to find pot holes in our writing and help us make our writing good by filling those pot holes.
- Revisions
This is a process of going over a written work and correcting simple errors and rethinking some of the ideas we have expressed in our writing process. It gives us the opportunity to spot or add very important ideas which make the work better.
- Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of using language to communicate effectively. It involves three audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos, as well as the five canons of rhetoric: invention or discovery, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.
- Rhetoric square
The Rhetorical Square is simply a mnemonic device to remind us that, both as readers and writers, we need to be conscious of the art of writing. Sometimes that means being a skeptical reader, questioning a very persuasive text, and, at other times, that means attempting to hear our own words as that skeptical audience might.
29.Skepticism
It is an approach to accepting, rejecting, or suspending judgment on new information that requires the new information to be well supported by evidence. Individuals who proclaim to have a skeptical outlook are frequently called skeptics, often without regard to whether it is philosophical skepticism or empirical skepticism that they profess.
- Sources
These are the materials we consult for the research assignment which help us to get a broader idea about the subject we are dealing with. These are the books, magazines, websites etc, that are consulted for the writing process.
- So what?/who cares?
When writing, the writer must identify who he is writing for. Example scientists, politicians, children, general public etc. This will help to have a better conversation with such group of people and use the appropriate language to convey the message to them.
- Style
It is that part of the canon of rhetoric that deals with the dialect, conventions, and aesthetics. This has to do with the choose of language that is appropriate to what topic we are writing and use it to impress our readers in a away to make them read our text to the end.
- They Say:
This is what others say about a particular subject. They are the ideas expressed about a topic which are not your original words in a writing. You can either accept, reject or remain undecided about these ideas but you can’t take ownership of them.
- Tone
The tone is closely related to the persona. The writer adopts a tone that is either serious, playful, ironic, antagonistic, or passionate. The tone of the writing has a crucial effect on the entire writing.
- voice
Voice is one component of the rhetoric square. The voice of any text is shaped by the author’s purpose and the audience that the author is targeting. rhetorical voice is more than just use of a particular vocabulary, it is how the author say something and what it means to the reader. This will mainly mean our approach and use of particular examples, vocabulary and context of our work.
